Healthcare Career Exploration

Athletic Trainers (ATs) are health care professionals, recognized by the American Medical Association, who provide preventative services, emergency care, clinical diagnosis, therapeutic intervention and rehabilitation of injuries and medical conditions in collaboration with physicians.

ATs provide care for a breadth of patients including, but not limited to, professional, collegiate, secondary school and youth athletes, dancers, musicians, and military personnel. ATs can work in a variety of locations including schools, physician clinics, performing arts centers, hospitals, and manufacturing plants.
Athletic trainers are highly educated and skilled health sciences professional specializing in athletic health care. They work with coaches, doctors, and physical therapists.

On a typical day, the roles and responsibilities of an athletic trainer include:

Providing athletic training services
Applying tape, bandages, and braces to protect or prevent injuries
Evaluating injuries and providing first aid
Implementing rehabilitation programs for injured athletes and developing injury prevention programs
Performing administrative tasks, such as writing reports and instructions

Work environment

In cooperation with physicians and other allied health professionals, the athletic trainer functions as an integral member of the health care team in colleges and universities, K-12 schools, hospitals, fitness centers, doctors’ offices, and for professional sports teams. Because of this, athletic trainers may work with patients of all ages.

What do athletic trainers do working at high schools?
Athletic trainers work to prevent and treat athletic injuries, which may happen during practice or competition. Athletic trainers may also teach at the high school during the day.

What do athletic trainers do working at sports medicine clinics?
Athletic trainers work with patients, providing treatment and rehabilitation, providing athletic training coverage for a high school or college, and conducting coaches’ workshops and other sports medicine educational programs.

What do athletic trainers do working at colleges?
Athletic trainers cover practice sessions and home and away competitions, supervise the educational experiences of athletic training students, and may teach athletic training education classes.

What do athletic trainers do working for professional sports teams?
Athletic trainers work year-round with professional sports teams, such as football, basketball, baseball, hockey, and more.
In addition to sports teams, companies hire athletic trainers as a medical service to employers and their employees. Athletic trainers may even assist offices with ergonomics or preventing workplace injuries. Employment can also be found in the military, performing arts and dance companies, and medical sales.

Most athletic trainers work full-time. Many athletic trainers work outdoors in all types of weather. They may work evenings and weekends and may travel frequently if they work for sports teams.

Becoming an athletic trainer

When hiring athletic trainers, employers often look for candidates who are compassionate and detail-oriented and have strong decision-making and interpersonal skills. Many athletic trainers are passionate about sports and have great job satisfaction by working with athletes.

Higher education requirements
To become an athletic trainer, you need at least a bachelor’s degree, though the National Athletic Trainers’ Association reports that 70 percent of athletic trainers have a master’s degree. Many employers prefer to hire athletic trainers with master’s degrees. The curriculum and clinical training of athletic trainers follows a medical-based education model. You can expect to take courses in biology, anatomy, nutrition, sports medicine, and kinesiology. Almost all states require athletic trainers to be licensed or certified to practice.

After a high school education, the typical pathway to becoming an athletic trainer includes:

Obtaining a bachelor’s degree (common majors are athletic training and exercise science)
Graduating from a Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Trainer Education (CAATE)-accredited athletic training education program
Passing the certification exam conducted by the Board of Certification to become a certified athletic trainer, or ATC

Once certified, like most health care careers, certified athletic trainers are responsible for maintain certification through continuing education.

Career opportunities and outlook

The average annual salary for an athletic trainer is $49,800, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. This figure is dependent on experience, qualifications, and location. The field is relatively small so jobs are competitive, especially for positions with professional and college sports teams.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics expects employment of athletic trainers in the U.S. to grow much faster than average. One reason is due to an increased awareness of the effects of sports-related injuries. Secondly, the middle-aged and older population are remaining active, providing a need for athletic trainers.

With additional training and experience, an athletic trainer may become a head athletic trainer, an athletic director, a clinical practice administrator, or a physical therapist.

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts 21% employment growth for ATs between 2012 and 2022. The profession of athletic training has a positive career forecast. The National Athletic Trainers’ Association Salary Survey (2018) indicated a national average salary of $57,203, The average salary for an entry-level (1 yr) athletic trainer was $38,651 with a median salary of $39,000.

UCCS offers a Master of Science in Athletic Training
Check out our program to learn more.
Professional Association is National Athletic Training Association: https://www.nata.org/about/athletic-training
Accreditation information: https://caate.net/

Anesthesiology Assistant 101 (Courtesy of CAAHEP)

Anesthesiologist assistants work as members of the anesthesia care team in any locale where they may be appropriately directed by legally responsible physician anesthesiologists. The AAs most often work within organizations that also employ nurse anesthetists, and their responsibilities are identical. Experience to date has been that AAs are most commonly employed in larger facilities that perform procedures such as cardiac surgery, neurosurgery, transplant surgery, and trauma care, given the training in extensive patient monitoring devices and complex patients and procedures emphasized in AA educational programs. However, AAs are used in hospitals of all sizes and assist physician anesthesiologists in a variety of settings and for a wide range of procedures.

What is an Anesthesiology Assistant?

The Anesthesiologist Assistant (AA) is a skilled person qualified by advanced academic and clinical education to provide anesthetic care under the direction of a qualified physician anesthesiologist. The physician anesthesiologist who is responsible for the AA is available to prescribe and direct particular therapeutic interventions in the operating room and the intensive care setting.

By virtue of the basic science education and clinical practice experience, the AA is skilled in the use of contemporary state-of-the-art patient monitoring techniques in anesthesia care environments. The AA performs complementary and supplementary anesthetic care and monitoring tasks that allow the directing physician anesthesiologist to use his or her own skills more efficiently and effectively.

What does an AA do?

• Elicit a pre-anesthesia health history and perform a physical examination
• Establish patient monitoring devices and intravenous access
• Assist in the application and interpretation of advanced monitoring techniques such as pulmonary artery catheterization or echocardiography
• Assist in the induction, maintenance, and emergence of a patient’s anesthetic
• Secure the patient’s airway through a mask, endotracheal tube, or laryngeal mask airway
• Interpret and record the patient’s physiological and pharmacological status
• Provide continuity of care into and during the post-operative period

Ready to Learn more about AA? Check out these resources:

Review the introduction to the profession information from CAAHEP
Check out the infographic  from American Academy of Anesthesiology Assistants
American Academy of Anesthesiology Assistants
Check out events from AAAEP
University of Colorado School of Medicine Anesthesiology Assistant program
There are currently 18 AA programs in the U.S. and Canada. Check out the websites of other AA schools you are interested in.
Information on the Centralized Application Service CASAA: CASAA Applicant Guide

Communication Sciences and Disorders 101 (Courtesy of ASHA)

One Discipline: Communication Sciences and Disorders
Two Professions: Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology
Three Careers: Audiologist; Speech-Language Pathologist; and Speech, Language, and Hearing Scientist

What is an Audiologist?

Audiologists are health care professionals who specialize in preventing and assessing hearing and balance disorders as well as providing audiologic treatment, including hearing aids. Audiologists work with people of all ages to address these types of disorders.

What does an Audiologist do?

• Test the hearing of children and adults
• Fit hearing aids when needed
• Activate and program cochlear implants for children and adults
• Work with people with cancer who have hearing loss due to ototoxic drugs used to treat cancer
• Help veterans with hearing loss or tinnitus (ringing in the ears) due to noise exposure (e.g., gunfire, explosions)

What is a Speech-Language Pathologist?

Speech-language pathologists are health care professionals who identify, assess, and treat speech and language problems as well as swallowing disorders. They provide services to clients with disorders in the following areas:
Speech disorders, including articulation problems, fluency (e.g., stuttering) disorders, and voice problems
Language disorders, including receptive/expressive language, spoken and written language, and social/pragmatic language
Swallowing disorders, including pediatric and adult feeding disorders
Cognitive disorders, including dementia

What does a Speech-Language Pathologist do?

• Help children pronounce sounds correctly
• Work with toddlers and preschoolers to develop early language skills
• Teach children and adults with autism to use speech devices to communicate their wants and needs
• Help veterans with head injuries recover language comprehension and production skills

Ready to Learn more about Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology? Check out these resources:

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association  (information about the profession, admissions, scholarships, etc.)
Learn more about audiology
Learn more about speech-language pathology
Discover more about speech, language, and hearing scientists
Find a mentor
Learn more from reading these brochures (free, just click Download PDF next to each)
Planning your education
Join National Student Speech Language Hearing Association (NSSLHA) and/or check out their events
Check out the websites of schools  you are interested in; find Colorado schools here

What is a Chiropractor? (Bureau of Labor Statistics)
Chiropractors care for patients with health problems of the neuromusculoskeletal system, which includes nerves, bones, muscles, ligaments, and tendons. They use spinal adjustments and manipulation, as well as other clinical interventions, to manage patients’ health concerns, such as back and neck pain.

Important Qualities
Decision making skills. Chiropractors must determine the best course of action when treating a patient. They must also decide when to refer patients to other healthcare professionals.
Detail oriented. Chiropractors must be observant and pay attention to details so that they can make proper diagnoses and avoid mistakes that could harm patients.
Dexterity. Because they use their hands to perform manual adjustments to the spine and other joints, chiropractors should have good coordination to perform therapy effectively.
Empathy. Chiropractors often care for people who are in pain. They must be understanding and sympathetic to their patients’ problems and needs.
Interpersonal skills. Chiropractors must be personable in order to keep clients coming to their practice. Also, because chiropractors frequently touch patients in performing therapy, they should be able to put their patients at ease.
Organizational skills. Self-employed chiropractors may need to schedule appointments, manage employees, bill insurance companies, and maintain patients’ files. Good recordkeeping and other organizational skills are critical in running a successful business.

What does a Chiropractor do?
• Assess a patient’s medical condition by reviewing the patient’s medical history and concerns, and by performing a physical examination
• Analyze the patient’s posture, spine, and reflexes
• Conduct tests, including evaluating a patient’s posture and taking x rays
• Provide neuromusculoskeletal therapy, which often involves adjusting a patient’s spinal column and other joints
• Give additional treatments, such as applying heat or cold to a patient’s injured areas
• Advise patients on health and lifestyle issues, such as exercise, nutrition, and sleep habits
• Refer patients to other healthcare professionals if neededChiropractors focus on patients’ overall health. Chiropractors believe that malfunctioning spinal joints and other somatic tissues interfere with a person’s neuromuscular system and can result in poor health.Some chiropractors use procedures such as massage therapy, rehabilitative exercise, and ultrasound in addition to spinal adjustments and manipulation. They also may apply supports, such as braces or shoe inserts, to treat patients and relieve pain.In addition to operating a general chiropractic practice, some chiropractors specialize in areas such as sports, neurology, orthopedics, pediatrics, or nutrition, among others. Chiropractors in private practice are responsible for marketing their businesses, hiring staff, and keeping records.

How to become a Chiropractor

Chiropractors must earn a Doctor of Chiropractic (D.C.) degree and a state license. Doctor of Chiropractic programs typically take 4 years to complete and require at least 3 years of undergraduate college education for admission.

Education

Prospective chiropractors are required to have a Doctor of Chiropractic (D.C.) degree—a postgraduate professional degree that typically takes 4 years to complete. In 2017, there were 15 Doctor of Chiropractic programs on 18 campuses accredited by The Council on Chiropractic Education.

Admission to D.C. programs requires at least 90 semester hours of undergraduate education, and some D.C. programs require a bachelor’s degree for entry. Most students typically earn a bachelor’s degree before applying to a chiropractic program. Schools have specific requirements for their chiropractic programs, but they generally require coursework in the liberal arts and in sciences such as physics, chemistry, and biology. Candidates should check with individual schools regarding their specific requirements.

A D.C. program includes classwork in anatomy, physiology, biology, and similar subjects. Chiropractic students also get supervised clinical experience in which they train in spinal assessment, adjustment techniques, and making diagnoses. D.C. programs also may include classwork in business management and in billing and finance. Most D.C. programs offer a dual-degree option, in which students may earn either a bachelor’s or a master’s degree in another field while completing their D.C.Some chiropractors complete postgraduate programs. These programs provide additional training in specialty areas, such as orthopedics and pediatrics. Classes are taken at chiropractic colleges.

Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations

All states and the District of Columbia require chiropractors to be licensed. Although specific requirements vary by state, all require the completion of an accredited Doctor of Chiropractic (D.C.) degree program and passing all four parts of the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners (NBCE) exam.
Many states also require applicants to pass a background check and state-specific law exams, called jurisprudence exams. All states require a practicing chiropractor to take continuing education classes to maintain his or her chiropractic license. Check with your state’s board of chiropractic examiners or health department for more specific information on licensure.

Ready to Learn more about Chiropractic Care?

Check out these resources:
• American Chiropractic Association
• Find Accredited Chiropractic Education programs

Interested in pursuing a Chiropractic Education?
• Contact your advisor to add required coursework to your major. (able to add to any major, based on the requirements, not a major or minor)
• Occupational Outlook, Employment and wage statistics

DENTISTRY 101  (Courtesy of ADEA)

The dental profession is the branch of health care devoted to maintaining the health of the teeth, gums and other tissues in and around the mouth. A dentist is a doctor, scientist and clinician dedicated to the highest standards of health through prevention, diagnosis and treatment of oral diseases and conditions. Dentists play a key role in the early detection of oral cancer and other systemic conditions of the body that manifest themselves in the mouth. They often identify other health conditions, illnesses, and other problems that sometimes show up in the oral cavity before they are identified in other parts of the body.

What does a Dentist do?

• Evaluates the overall health of their patients while advising them about oral health and disease prevention.
• Performs clinical procedures, such as exams, fillings, crowns, implants, extractions and corrective surgeries.
• Identifies, diagnoses and treats oral conditions.
• Performs general dentistry or practices in one of nine dental specialties.

Advances in dental research, including genetic engineering, the discovery of links between oral and systemic diseases, the development of salivary diagnostics and the continued development of new materials and techniques, make dentistry an exciting, challenging and rewarding profession.
Ready to Learn more about Dentistry? Check out these resources:

Is dentistry right for you?
Future Dentists (dental school curriculum, application process, preparation, FAQs, etc.)
School of Dental Medicine at CU Anschutz Medical Campus
Check out the websites of other dental schools you are interested in!

Ready to Pursue Dental School?

Visit the Career Center’s Pre-Dental Page to learn more about requirements.
Contact your advisor to add the Pre-Dentistry Advising Guide (able to add to any major, based on the requirements at CU Anschutz, not a major or minor)

Genetic Counselors
• Genetic counselors are not doctors, but they are an important part of a healthcare team.
• Genetic counselors can meet with individuals or families before or after genetic testing.
• Genetic counselors are specialized in prenatal, pediatric, oncology, neurology, ophthalmology, psychiatry, and many other areas.
• Many genetic counselors are able to see patients via telehealth options.
In addition to different specialty areas, genetic counselors can have roles outside of seeing patients. Genetic counselors can work in research, education, industry, marketing, and many other roles across the healthcare and genetics fields.

Many things about you are partly or entirely determined by your DNA, and more specifically by tiny variations in sections of your DNA called genes, which you inherited from your parents. Your genes can also increase your risk of developing certain health conditions, including certain types of cancer or heart disease. Genetics is the study of these genes and of your heredity.Genetic counselors have advanced training in medical genetics and counseling to guide and support patients seeking more information about how inherited diseases and conditions might affect them or their families, and to interpret genetic test results based on your personal and family history.You may be referred to a genetic counselor by a doctor (such as an obstetrician, oncologist or medical geneticist) to discuss your family history and genetic risks, or before or after having genetic testing.

While genetic counselors are not medical doctors, they are part of your healthcare team and work with you and your doctor to help you understand:
• Your genetic risks based on your family history
• Your genetic risks for certain diseases or cancer
• Whether genetic testing might be right for you
• What the results of genetic tests may mean for you and your family
With expertise in counseling, genetic counselors can also provide emotional support as you make decisions and empower you with information for your overall healthcare.

National Society of Genetic Counselors: https://www.nsgc.org/

Becoming a Genetic Counselor

Genetic counseling is a rewarding career, as evidenced by the explosive growth in genetic counselors; since 2006, the number of genetic counselors has grown by more than 100 percent and the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statics projects a growth rate of 29 percent for genetic counseling positions through 2026. But, there is still a great need for more genetic counselors.For many genetic counselors, the first step to becoming a genetic counselor is to earn an undergraduate Bachelor’s degree that includes coursework in genetics, biochemistry, psychology and statistics. Ideal candidates also have experiences such as patient advocacy, counseling, scientific lab or healthcare volunteer work.Training to become a genetic counselor then involves earning a Master’s degree from a program accredited by the Accreditation Council for Genetic Counseling (ACGC). This Programs vary in length, but are typically 2 years long and include Clinical experience in various genetic specialties, Coursework in human genetics, psychosocial counseling, bioethics, research methodology, genetic testing technology and more, Research other independent study projects and Additional activities including education, advocacy experiences, case conferences, etc.Upon completion of a degree, certification through the American Board of Genetic Counseling (ABGC), demonstrates that the individual has met the standards necessary to provide competent genetic counseling. Many hospitals and clinics insist their genetic counselors be ABGC-certified.

Gerontology is the study of aging and older adults. The science of gerontology has evolved as longevity has improved. Researchers in this field are diverse and are trained in areas such as physiology, social science, psychology, public health, and policy. A more complete definition of gerontology includes all of the following: Scientific studies of processes associated with the bodily changes from middle age through later life; Multidisciplinary investigation of societal changes resulting from an aging population and ranging from the humanities (e.g., history, philosophy, literature) to economics; and Applications of this knowledge to policies and programs.

The Difference Between Gerontology and Geriatrics

Gerontology is multidisciplinary and is concerned with physical, mental, and social aspects and implications of aging. Geriatrics is a medical specialty focused on care and treatment of older persons. Although gerontology and geriatrics have differing emphases, they both have the goal of understanding aging so that people can maximize their functioning and achieve a high quality of life.

Why Study Gerontology?

With an understanding of gerontology, an individual can make plans for her or his own life course and needs, and communities and legislators can make necessary public policy choices. Public policy decisions are critical because of the tremendous growth of our population aged 65. Georgia’s older adult population is the fourth fastest growing in the nation and currently numbers 1.2 million. The South added nearly 2.5 million older adults between 2000 and 2010. Nationally, it is projected that the older population will double to 89 million by 2050 – a rate of growth that is twice as fast as the under age 50 population. The demand for professionals with expertise in gerontology will mirror these increases.

UCCS Gerontology Center: https://geron.uccs.edu/
UCCS Gerontology Minor: http://catalog.uccs.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=17&poid=4042&hl=%22gerontology%22&returnto=search

There are many similarities between healthcare management and healthcare administration, so it can be easy to mix the two up. Though they do overlap quite a bit, which is why they are often used interchangeably, there are some key differences between the two.  If you’re trying to make a more educated decision as to which best suits your career vision, keep reading to explore the similarities and differences between healthcare management and administration.

What Is Healthcare Administration?

Simply put, healthcare administration runs staffing for medical organizations and institutions, as well as sharing some responsibilities with healthcare management to ensure the facility is running the way it’s supposed to. Healthcare administrators’ main goal is to gain and manage quality staff to ensure the organization or institution they work for is functioning smoothly and efficiently.

Healthcare administrators are also focused on what kind of services they offer to their patients. Though they don’t personally administer medical treatment to their facility’s patients, they play a large role in what treatments are available to said patients. Administrators might be responsible for an entire facility or a specific department. These professionals are in charge of keeping records for the staff, making schedules, providing human resource services, and anything else that might have to do with the staff of their facility. The nature of an individual position under the healthcare administration umbrella changes depending on the job description. Smaller facilities have a smaller staff, which means fewer healthcare administrators required to maintain them. The larger the hospital or organization, the more the administration tasks get spread around to a larger team of professionals, each with their own responsibility to their place of work.

Where do healthcare administration professionals work?

A large percentage of healthcare administration professionals work in hospitals, but their services are needed in any medical organization or institution that has a staff to take care of. Other top employers for healthcare administrators include physician offices, nursing facilities, the government, and outpatient care centers.

Job Outlook: According to the BLS, medical and health services managers, which include healthcare administrators, are in increasing demand. In 2018, there were 406,100 jobs, and that number is projected to increase by 18% from 2018 to 2028 for a total of 71,600 new jobs.  The states that employ the most medical and health services managers are California, Texas, New York, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts.

What Is Healthcare Management?

While healthcare administration is focused on filling healthcare organizations with staff, healthcare management focuses on running the organization itself. The healthcare management professional is more concerned with financial management, supplies, and the overall maintenance of the facility than simply the staff that runs it. Healthcare management professionals play an important part in making sure the healthcare facility is financially stable.

They ensure that the healthcare provider they work for has a healthy balance between goals and budget. Healthcare managers run the business side of their places of work to ensure the doctors, physicians, therapists, nurses, and others who work there can keep providing their services and receive their salaries.

One of the largest differences between administration and management is the accounting aspect of healthcare management. In this way, healthcare managers are more concerned with the overall operations of a facility as a whole, rather than the more business-inward patient-focused approach administrators take.

Where do healthcare management professionals work?

Healthcare management professionals often work side-by-side with their healthcare administration counterparts. Healthcare managers work most commonly in hospitals, but they work in any organization or facility large enough to warrant an employee solely dedicated to running the facility. Every healthcare organization, business, and institution works with money — even nonprofits — and they each need someone to look after their finances. That’s where healthcare management teams perform their duties.

Job Outlook: Healthcare management professionals are in demand, and their job outlook is positive. In 2018, there were 406,100 medical and health services manager jobs and that number is expected to increase by 18%, or 71,600 new jobs, from 2018 to 2028.

Healthcare Administrator Duties

The duties of a position in the field of healthcare administration depend largely on that position’s job description. Their main goal is to ensure that their facilities are equipped to treat their patients by making sure they have enough supplies and staff to operate, as well as anything else the facility might need in the process.

Healthcare administrators work directly with the people who work directly with patients, but they rarely work with the patients themselves. They will create schedules for employees to ensure there are enough people during working hours to provide services to patients, maintain patient records, and perform human resource services for the employees. They might take on some of the responsibilities of hiring and training new employees to replace outgoing ones or to fill in new positions.

It’s also a goal of healthcare administrators to make sure their facility or organization is up to code and always following regulations and laws. Part of this includes tracking information about the population health of the facility’s clients, analyzing risks of treatments, meeting with governmental bodies, and communicating with department heads to make sure that everything is working in accordance with the law and the facility’s own policies.

Duties of a healthcare administrator include:

• Developing and implementing policies for employees, as well as communicating with employees about changes in policy
• Keep an inventory of the facility’s stock and supplies
• Develop a supply chain management plan to increase efficiency
• Make sure that the facility and the departments within it are adhering to budgets and plans
• Measure the population health of a facility’s patients to measure the success of the facility
• Create, maintain, and update filing systems for patient medical records
• Measure risks and develop plans for risk management

Healthcare Manager Duties

Similar to healthcare administration professionals, the duties of a healthcare management professional varies from position to position. But the healthcare management team as a whole is responsible for completing any task that has to do with the facility’s budget. The healthcare management professional will work with other staff to ensure that the business side of their facility is running smoothly. This means ensuring that the employees of the facility have the tools and equipment they need to do their jobs well, scrutinizing department budgets, and supplying the facility with everything it needs in order to provide patients with the best care available to them.

Much of the healthcare management professional’s responsibility – especially at higher levels within the field – is researching, creating, and implementing a business plan for the facility they work for. The manager develops business strategies that will help the facility reach its goals while staying within budget. There is a lot of money flowing through healthcare facilities – the healthcare manager is there to see that it gets put to good use for the benefit of the staff and the patients alike.

Like healthcare administrators, healthcare management professionals may also keep track of laws and regulations to ensure their facility is in accordance. However, healthcare administrators may focus more on medical regulations and laws than healthcare management professionals do.

Other healthcare management duties may include:

• Hiring and training staff
• Maintaining records for the facility, including supplies and equipment information, services rendered, data on current patient counts, etc.
• Meeting and coordinating with department heads
• Meeting with investors and boards with interest or funds in the facility
• Searching for ways to improve the efficiency of the healthcare facility
• Scheduling shifts for staff

Education and Experience Requirements

Across the board, a bachelor’s degree is suggested as a minimum qualification to be hired as a healthcare administration or management professional. The big difference is what you get that degree in.

That being said, some lower entry-level positions in both may hire those with associate degrees, but further advancement without a bachelor’s degree may be challenging.

Healthcare Administration

Education plays a large role in clearing up the differences between healthcare administration and management. To become a healthcare administration professional, one must pursue an education specific to the field, as opposed to management, which can be entered with a business degree.

Generally, the bare minimum qualification to begin a career in healthcare administration is a bachelor’s degree with an emphasis in healthcare administration. These degrees generally take four years to complete, unless you enroll in an specific program that helps you achieve your degree faster, such as Concorde’s online Bachelor’s of Science degree in Healthcare Administration, which can be completed in as few as 24 months.

From there, you might choose to pursue your master’s degree, which can open up doors for internships and experience that will make you a more attractive candidate for higher-level healthcare administration positions.

Healthcare Management

To enter the world of healthcare management, you may find more opportunities with a bachelor’s degree rather than an associate’s degree. Healthcare management professionals can have a bachelor’s degree in a wider selection of options. Candidates can use a wider selection of degree options to pursue a career in healthcare management, such as accounting, business, and marketing.

Many positions in healthcare management call for experience with accounting and business management, rather than health-related areas. Keep in mind that healthcare management is more about business than healthcare itself.

Once you have your bachelor’s degree in an applicable field, you can continue your education by pursuing a master’s degree, such as a master’s degree in business administration, or MBA. This will put you in a better position to rise through the ranks of your facility or find a higher, better-paying job.

How Do I Get Started?

As with any new career choice, the first step in becoming a healthcare professional starts with education. However, finding the time and money for that education is the difficult part. That’s where Concorde comes in.

Concorde’s educational programs give you an opportunity to get a head start in your healthcare career with immersive classes that cover a variety of topics to get you ready to take the next step. Our Bachelor of Science in Healthcare Administration program lets you further your education online so that you can also take care of life’s demands.

More on careers in Healthcare Management/Administration: https://explorehealthcareers.org/field/health-administration-management

The following mental health professionals can provide psychological assessments and therapy; however, cannot generally prescribe medications:

Clinical Psychologist – A psychologist with a doctoral degree in psychology from an accredited/designated program in psychology. Psychologists are trained to make diagnoses and provide individual and group therapy.

School Psychologist – A psychologist with an advanced degree in psychology from an accredited/designated program in School Psychology. School Psychologists are trained to make diagnoses, provide individual and group therapy, and work with school staff to maximize efficiency in the schools setting.

The following mental health professionals can provide counseling and with proper training, assessments; however, cannot prescribe medication:

Clinical Social Worker – A counselor with a master’s degree in social work from an accredited graduate program. Trained to make diagnoses, provide individual and group counseling, and provide case management and advocacy; usually found in the hospital setting.
Licensed Professional Counselor – A counselor with a master’s degree in psychology, counseling or a related field. Trained to diagnose and provide individual and group counseling.
Mental Health Counselor – A counselor with a master’s degree and several years of supervised clinical work experience. Trained to diagnose and provide individual and group counseling.
Certified Alcohol and Drug Abuse Counselor – Counselor with specific clinical training in alcohol and drug abuse. Trained to diagnose and provide individual and group counseling.
Nurse Psychotherapist – registered nurse who is trained in the practice of psychiatric and mental health nursing. Trained to diagnose and provide individual and group counseling.
Marital and Family Therapist – counselor with a master’s degree, with special education and training in marital and family therapy. Trained to diagnose and provide individual and group counseling.
Pastoral Counselor – clergy with training in clinical pastoral education. Trained to diagnose and provide individual and group counseling.
Peer Specialist – counselor with lived experience with mental health or substance use conditions. Assists clients with recovery by recognizing and developing strengths, and setting goals. Many peer support programs require several hours of training.
Other Therapists – therapist with an advance degree trained in specialized forms of therapy. Examples include art therapist, music therapist.

The following mental health professionals can prescribe medication; however, they may not provide therapy:

Psychiatrist – A medical doctor with special training in the diagnosis and treatment of mental and emotional illnesses. A psychiatrist can prescribe medication, but they often do not counsel patients.
Child/Adolescent Psychiatrist – A medical doctor with special training in the diagnosis and treatment of emotional and behavioral problems in children. Child and Adolescent psychiatrists can also prescribe medication; however, they may not provide psychotherapy.
Psychiatric or Mental Health Nurse Practitioner – A registered nurse practitioner with a graduate degree and specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of mental and emotional illness.

Additionally, your Primary Care Physician, Physician’s Assistant or Nurse Practitioner (depending on your state) are often qualified to provide medication.

Naturopathic medicine is a distinct health care profession that combines the wisdom of nature with the rigors of modern science. Naturopathic doctors (NDs) are trained as primary care providers who diagnose, treat and manage patients with acute and chronic conditions, while addressing disease and dysfunction at the level of body, mind and spirit.
NDs concentrate on whole patient wellness through health promotion and disease prevention, while addressing the underlying cause of the patient’s condition. Naturopathic physicians care for patients of all ages and genders, and practice in settings ranging from private clinics to integrative medical centers, urgent care clinics and hospitals. NDs are clinicians, authors, scholars, researchers and entrepreneurs, and are increasingly in demand across numerous industries. They provide individualized, evidence-informed therapies that balance the least harmful and most effective approaches in order to help facilitate the body’s inherent ability to restore and maintain optimal health. Naturopathic doctors are experts in natural medicine, and naturopathic medical education is the most efficient and direct way to train as a primary care doctor who specializes in natural medicine.

Naturopathic medicine is based upon six fundamental principles:
The 6 Principles of Naturopathic Medicine

• First, do no harm: Utilize the most natural, least invasive and least toxic therapies.
• The healing power of nature: Trust in the body’s inherent wisdom to heal itself.
• Identify and treat the causes: Look beyond the symptoms to the underlying cause.
• Physician as teacher: Educate patients in the steps to achieving and maintaining health.
• Treat the whole person: View the body as an integrated whole in all its physical and spiritual dimensions.
• Prevention: Focus on overall health, wellness and disease prevention.

Naturopathic Education

Naturopathic medical education is extremely comprehensive and trains graduates for primary care delivery. New doctors may choose to develop an interest in a specific area of medicine, or maintain a broad practice, seeing a variety of patients and conditions.

For those NDs who graduate with a passion for a particular area of focus, there are many options to pursue that interest. Some naturopathic doctors seek out internships and residencies in a specific field. Others begin practicing as generalists and naturally gravitate toward continuing education and patients with similar health journeys. The naturopathic profession offers career path flexibility that can grow and mature with a doctor’s clinical skill and professional trajectory.

Myths about Naturopathic Medicine according to the AANMC:

Myth #1: You may complete your naturopathic medical degree online.
While some prerequisites may be taken online, the degree itself is hands-on training to become a doctor. Completion of any fully online naturopathic medical program does not confer eligibility for licensure as a naturopathic doctor in any jurisdiction that formally recognizes naturopathic doctors. Graduates of online programs are neither qualified nor eligible to sit for the Naturopathic Physicians Licensing Examinations (NPLEX), the passage of which is also a requirement for regulation.

Myth #2: Naturopathic medicine is not scientific or evidenced-based.
Regulated naturopathic doctors go through rigorous four-year, science-based medical education at an accredited or candidate school of the Council on Naturopathic Medical Education (the only naturopathic programmatic accreditation agency recognized by the US Secretary of Education). A minimum of two years is spent studying the same biomedical sciences that prepare medical students to be doctors.

Myth #3: Naturopathic doctors are anti-drug/anti-pharmaceuticals.
Naturopathic doctors are not anti-drug/anti-pharmaceuticals. The ND curriculum includes the study of pharmaceuticals as well as the biochemical pathways and mechanisms of actions, indications, and adverse effects of drugs. As an addendum to conventional pharmacology, NDs study the intersection and efficacy of conventional medications with supplements and herbs and drug/herb, drug/nutrient interactions.

Myth #4: Naturopaths and naturopathic doctors are the same.
In jurisdictions that do not regulate the naturopathic profession, individuals without accredited training sometimes use the title naturopath or naturopathic doctor. These individuals should not be confused with graduates from CNME recognized four-year programs and do not complete the standardized education of an accredited program.

Myth #5: You need to choose between naturopathic medicine and conventional medicine.
Naturopathic physicians are an integral component of the health care team and work alongside conventional physicians in academia, clinical settings and research. Naturopathic doctors provide patient care based on a foundation of conventional and integrative medicine. As such there is growing demand for NDs in integrative settings.

Myth #6: Naturopathic medicine is only for wealthy patients.
There is growing insurance coverage for naturopathic medicine in a number of states in the US, which helps make naturopathic care more accessible. For patients who may be unable to afford care, NDs often offer income-based sliding scales.

Myth #7: Naturopathic doctors are the same as homeopaths.
Naturopathic doctors and homeopaths are not the same. Homeopathy is one of many tools in a naturopathic doctor’s therapeutic toolbox. It is one of many therapies available and only one component of a diverse curriculum.

Myth #8: Naturopathic doctors are not trained as primary care doctors.
Licensed naturopathic doctors work in primary care settings across North America and are able to manage most outpatient concerns typically seen in primary care practices. Naturopathic doctors learn to treat all aspects of family health and wellness, from pediatrics to geriatrics, and acute colds and flus, to chronic aches and pains.

Find programs here: https://aanmc.org/naturopathic-schools/

Accredited Programs: Naturopathic medicine programs of the member schools have been accredited by the Council on Naturopathic Medical Education (CNME), the recognized accreditor for naturopathic medical programs in North America. Graduation from a naturopathic medicine program that is accredited or is a candidate for accreditation guarantees eligibility to sit for the Naturopathic Physicians Licensing Examinations (NPLEX), the passage of which is required to obtain licensure.

Current Specialty Associations affiliated with the American Association of Naturopathic Physicians:
American Association of Naturopathic Midwives
Endocrinology Association of Naturopathic Physicians
Gastroenterology Association of Naturopathic Physicians
Homeopathic Academy of Naturopathic Physicians
Institute of Naturopathic Generative Medicine
Naturopathic Association of Environmental Medicine
Naturopathic Medicine Institute
Oncology Association of Naturopathic Physicians
Pediatric Association of Naturopathic Physicians
Psychiatric Association of Naturopathic Physicians
Homoeopathic Academy of Naturopathic Physicians

Learn more:
American Association of Naturopathic Medicine  https://aanmc.org/
American Assoc. of Naturopathic Physicians https://naturopathic.org/

ACEND: Accreditation Council for Education in Nutrition and Dietetics

Distinguishing the Difference Between a Dietitian vs Nutritionist

Many people mistakenly use the terms “dietitian” and “nutritionist” interchangeably. Although these two professions are undoubtedly related, they maintain distinctive qualities. The biggest difference between dietitians and nutritionists lies in the legal restrictions that each title carries. Although dietitians and nutritionists both help people find the best diets and foods to meet their health needs, they have different qualifications. In the United States, dietitians are certified to treat clinical conditions, whereas nutritionists are not always certified.

Only nutritionists that become registered with Commission on Dietetic Registration (CDR) may legally declare themselves as dietitians or more precisely, registered dietitians (RDs).

Unlike dietitians, the nutritionist profession is much less protected under the law. In fact, nutritionists that do not intend to use the titles of “dietitian” or “registered dietitian” are often free from government regulation. Some states may require nutritionists to obtain an occupational license from a Board of Nutrition, while other states allow individuals to practice as nutritionists without any previous education, training or work experience.

Dietitians and Nutritionists Career Outlook

There is a valid reason why so many health care advocates are pursuing careers as dietitians and nutritionists: the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics anticipates a positive occupational outlook for both professions. In 2012, the government reported the employment of 67,400 dietitians and nutritionists across the country. By 2022, this figure is expected to climb to 81,600. This addition of 14,200 jobs over a ten-year period equates to 21% employment growth change, which is a faster growth rate than the average for all other occupations.

Education Difference between Dietitians and Nutritionists

According to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, registered dietitians are required to complete a formal education program that results in at least a baccalaureate degree. This program must be approved by the Dietetics’ Accreditation Council for Education in Nutrition and Dietetics (ACEND) and include a practical component performed in a career-related site. In addition, the program must provide coursework that covers subjects in:

• Food service systems management
• Food and nutrition sciences
• Computer science
• Chemistry
• Business
• Microbiology
• Sociology
• Biochemistry
• Physiology
• Economics

Although some nutritionists may not need any educational background to practice in their state, they will likely need to complete some formal coursework in nutrition-related subjects to qualify for employment. Nutritionists that seek the certified nutrition specialist (CNS) credential are required to complete a baccalaureate or advanced nutritionist degree in a nutrition discipline to qualify for the certification examination.

Credentials for Dietitians and Nutritionists

The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics offers dieticians the opportunity to earn the registered dietitian (RD) credential. To become a RD, dietitians must: complete a baccalaureate degree from an ACEND-approved program; complete an ACEND-approved supervised clinical program; successfully pass the CDR registration examination; complete continuing professional education credits needed to maintain registration.

The Board for Certification of Nutrition Specialists (CBNS) offers nutritionists the opportunity to earn the certified nutrition specialist (CNS) credential. To become a CNS, nutritionists must: complete a master’s or doctoral degree in a field-related discipline; complete 1,000 hours of supervised practical experience; successfully pass the CBNS certification examination; complete continuing professional education needed to maintain certification.

Other nutrition services include nutrition coaches, health coaches, and fitness instructors in gyms. The level of training required among professionals with these job titles can vary.

In order to use titles such as RDN or CCN, a person must have proper certification. It is important to thoroughly check a practitioner’s qualifications and experience before working with them, as their expertise may vary.
In the U.S., dietitians must receive certification from the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics in order to practice. Dietitians can treat specific health conditions, such as eating disorders, by providing food recommendations.
Some organizations also certify nutritionists, such as the Board for Certification of Nutrition Specialists (BCNS). However, nutritionist training can vary. Some states do not require certification, so it is possible for anyone in those states to offer nutrition advice.

Nutritionists may also have different areas of focus to dietitians. For example, nutritionists can pursue advanced qualifications in specific health areas, such as sports nutrition, digestive disorders, and autoimmune conditions. The BCNS also offer Certified Ketogenic Nutrition Specialist qualifications for those who want to understand the keto diet in more detail. However, some nutritionists provide more general advice on healthful eating, weight loss, and reducing tiredness.

Registered dietitian nutritionists

Registered dietitian nutritionists (RDNs) provide medical nutrition therapy (MNT) to people with certain health conditions.
This could be in a hospital setting or in a private practice. Sometimes, RDNs also provide nutritional education and expertise to schools, nursing homes, food-related businesses, or public health offices.
To become an RDN, a person must receive certification from the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. To earn this certification, they need to:

• have a bachelor’s degree or higher qualification at a regionally accredited university or college in the U.S.
• have the Accreditation Council for Education in Nutrition and Dietetics (ACEND) or the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics accredit or approve their coursework
• complete 1,200 hours of supervised practice through an ACEND-accredited practice program
• pass a national examination that the Commission on Dietetic Registration administer
• complete continuing professional educational requirements to maintain registration

Certified clinical nutritionist

A certified clinical nutritionist (CCN) is qualified to assess people’s nutritional needs based on their lifestyle and health goals. The Clinical Nutrition Certification Board offer this certification.
A CCN can provide personalized recommendations for diet, exercise, supplements, and stress relief. To become a CCN, a person must have one of the following nutrition degrees in order to begin training:

• Bachelor of Science (B.S.)
• Masters (M.S.)
• Doctor of Philosophy
• Doctor of Science (Sc.D.)

Alternatively, they might have an advanced professional degree in another licensed healthcare field.

The amount of training a person needs to become a certified CCN depends on their preexisting qualifications. For example, someone with a B.S. degree must spend a minimum of 3 course hours on a range of topics — such as human physiology, biochemistry, and microbiology — before they become certified.
Someone with a more advanced degree, such as an Sc.D. or nursing degree, may not need to complete as much training. However, all CCNs must pass an exam and need to maintain their certification with ongoing training every 2 years.

Certified nutrition specialist

The certified nutrition specialist (CNS) credential is a qualification that a nutritionist can earn in the U.S. The BCNS certify all CNSs.

People who apply for CNS training must have an M.S. or doctoral degree in nutrition or another related field. In addition to these degrees, all trainee CNSs must:

• complete coursework from a regionally accredited institution
• complete 1,000 hours of documented, supervised practice
• pass an exam
• recertify with continuing education credits every 5 years

The minimum number of hours a CNS must spend learning about the life sciences is higher than that of CCNs. They may also study topics such as pharmacology, drug interactions, and nutritional disorders.

Salary Expectations for Dietitians and Nutritionists

As of May 2021, the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics reported an average salary of $65,620 for dietitians and nutritionists. The highest paying industries for dietitians and nutritionists during this time included:
• Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing
• Merchant wholesales of nondurable goods
• Home healthcare services
• Federal agencies (e.g., CDC, FDA, CMS)
• Scientific research and development services

The top-paying states for dietitians and nutritionists included:
California
Washington DC
Hawaii
New Jersey
Rhode Island

UCCS

The UCCS Master of Sciences in Nutrition and Dietetics (MSc) is an integrated two-year graduate program designed to provide students with applied learning experience in preparation for a career as a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN). The program curriculum is built on a competency-based education framework known as the Future Education Model. Students will have access to the Hybl Sports Medicine and Performance Center, containing expansive classrooms and a teaching kitchen. Our partnership with Centura Health will connect students with high quality preceptors; small student-to-preceptor ratios will continue a 40-year history of clinical teaching excellence.

The University of Colorado Colorado Springs Helen and Arthur E. Johnson Beth-El College of Nursing and Health Sciences’ Master of Sciences in Nutrition and Dietetics is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Education in Nutrition and Dietetics of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.

Additional Program Information

Students need to meet all academic requirements of the graduate program to earn a verification statement and Master of Sciences in Nutrition and Dietetics.
As our program combines didactic and experiential learning, it is recommended students do not take on additional work commitments during the fall and spring semesters. Students may benefit from working during the summer between the 1st and 2nd year of the program.

Upon completion of all program requirements of the UCCS Integrated Program in Nutrition and Dietetics, students will earn a verification statement resulting in eligibility to take the credentialing exam to become an RDN. Alternative pathways can be explored through the ACEND’s information for students page under “pathways to registration.” Currently, Colorado does not have licensure requirements for RDNs.

Occupational Therapy 101 (Courtesy of AOTA)

Occupational therapy is a career for individuals who care about people and have a desire to learn, achieve, and contribute their best to society and the profession.

What is an Occupational Therapist?

Occupational therapy is the only profession that helps people across the lifespan do the things they want and need to do through the therapeutic use of daily activities (occupations). Occupational therapy practitioners enable people of all ages to live life to its fullest by helping them promote health and prevent—or live better with—injury, illness, or disability.

Common occupational therapy interventions include helping children with disabilities to participate fully in school and social situations, helping people recovering from injury to regain skills, and providing supports for older adults experiencing physical and cognitive changes.

Occupational therapy practitioners have a holistic perspective, in which the focus is on adapting the environment and/or task to fit the person, and the person is an integral part of the therapy team. It is an evidence-based practice deeply rooted in science.

What does an Occupational Therapist do? (Courtesy of BLS)

• Review patients’ medical history, ask the patients questions, and observe them doing tasks
• Evaluate a patient’s condition and needs
• Develop a treatment plan for patients, identifying specific goals and the types of activities that will be used to help the patient work toward those goals
• Help people with various disabilities perform different tasks, such as teaching a stroke victim how to get dressed
• Demonstrate exercises—for example, stretching the joints for arthritis relief—that can help relieve pain in people with chronic conditions
• Evaluate a patient’s home or workplace and, on the basis of the patient’s health needs, identify potential improvements, such as labeling kitchen cabinets for an older person with poor memory
• Educate a patient’s family and employer about how to accommodate and care for the patient
• Recommend special equipment, such as wheelchairs and eating aids, and instruct patients on how to use that equipment
• Assess and record patients’ activities and progress for patient evaluations, for billing, and for reporting to physicians and other healthcare providers

Ready to Learn more about Occupational Therapy? Check out these resources:

American Occupational Therapy Association (stories, admission criteria, school information, mock interview questions)
Colorado State University’s Department of Occupational Therapy
Check out the websites of other occupational therapy schools you are interested in

Ready to Pursue Occupational Therapy School?

Contact your advisor to add the Pre-Occupational Therapy Advising Guide (able to add to any major, based on the requirements at CSU, not a major or minor)

Optometry 101 (Courtesy of ACSO)

Optometry is the independent primary health care for the eye. Optometrists examine, diagnose, treat, and manage diseases, injuries, and disorders of the visual system, the eye, and associated structures as well as identify related systemic conditions affecting the eye. Doctors of Optometry prescribe medications, low vision rehabilitation, vision therapy, spectacle lenses, contact lenses, and perform certain surgical procedures. Optometrists counsel their patients regarding surgical and non-surgical options that meet their visual needs related to their occupations, avocations, and lifestyle.

What is an Optometrist?

Optometrists perform comprehensive examinations of both the internal and external structures of the eye, carry out subjective and objective tests to evaluate patients’ vision, analyze the test findings, establish a diagnosis, and determine the appropriate treatment. Optometrists treat a variety of conditions and illnesses. They treat eye diseases such as glaucoma and ulcers; visual skill problems such as the inability to move, align, fixate and focus the eye; and clarity problems such as simple near or farsightedness or complications due to the aging process, disease, accident, or malfunction.

Additionally, optometrists diagnose, manage, and refer systemic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, and others that are often first detected in the eye; provide pre- and post- surgical care for cataracts, refractive laser treatment, retinal problems, and other conditions; and encourage preventative measures such as monitoring infants’ and children’s visual development, evaluating job/school/hobby related tasks, and promoting nutrition and hygiene education.

The day-to-day tasks of most Doctors of Optometry can be quite varied and challenging. Patient interaction can range from performing routine visual exams, removing a foreign body from the cornea, evaluating a child who is not performing well in school, managing the care of contact lens patients, prescribing medication for glaucoma, providing follow-up care after refractive surgery, and fitting a legally blind patient with a magnifying device that will enable the patient to read.

What does an Optometrist do?

Prescribe medications, low vision rehabilitation, vision therapy, spectacle lenses, contact lenses and perform certain surgical procedures.
Counsel patients regarding surgical and non-surgical options that meet their visual needs related to their occupations, avocations and lifestyle.
Complete pre-professional undergraduate education in a college or university and four years of professional education at a college of optometry, leading to the doctor of optometry (O.D.) degree. Many doctors of optometry complete an additional residency in a specific area of practice.

How to become an Optometrist:

Schools and programs: https://www.optomcas.org/information-about-schools-colleges/

Ready to Learn more about Optometry? Check out these resources:

Association of Schools and Colleges of Optometry  (videos, list of optometry schools, guide to applying, etc.)
Review the FAQs  from Association of Schools and Colleges of Optometry (information about the profession, OAT, admissions, etc.)
Optometry Career Guide
Check out events and scholarships from AAOPT
Check out the websites of schools you are interested in

Podiatric Medicine 101  (Courtesy of AACPM)

Podiatric physicians are uniquely qualified among medical professionals to treat the lower extremity based on their education, training and expertise.

What is a Podiatric physician?

A podiatric physician is a specialist in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of lower extremity disorders, diseases and injuries. A podiatric physician works independently, utilizes x-rays and laboratory tests for diagnostic purposes, prescribes medications, orders physical therapy, sets fractures, and performs surgery. As part of a healthcare team, the podiatric physician works closely with other health professionals to treat and control disease.

Within the profession, podiatric physicians can specialize in a variety of areas such as surgery, orthopedics, or public health. Besides these certified specialties, podiatric physicians may practice a subspecialty such as sports medicine, pediatrics, dermatology, radiology, geriatrics, or diabetic foot care. Podiatric physicians are the only doctors to receive specialized medical and surgical training, and board certification in the care of the lower extremity.

What does a Podiatric Physician do?

• Provide individual consultations to patients concerning continued treatment of disorders and preventive foot care.
• Diagnose foot ailments such as tumors, ulcers, fractures, skin or nail diseases, and congenital or acquired deformity such as weak feet and foot imbalance.
• Use innovative methods to treat conditions such as corns, calluses, bunions, heel spurs, ingrown toenails, arch problems, shortened tendons, cysts, bone disorders, and abscesses.
• Design corrective orthotics, plaster casts, and strappings to correct deformities.
• Design flexible casting for immobilization of foot and ankle fractures, sprains, or other injuries.
• Correct walking patterns and balance, and promote the overall ability to move about more efficiently and comfortably.
• Refer patients to other physicians when symptoms observed in the feet indicate disorders, such as diabetes, arthritis, heart disease, or kidney disease.

How to become a Podiatrist:
To become a podiatrist, you must first get a bachelor’s degree and then apply to an accredited podiatric medical college. Your graduate school course of study will take four years, after which you will receive a degree of Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (D.P.M.). Students typically begin with and explore specialties beginning in the first year.

Ready to Learn more about Podiatric Medicine? Check out these resources:

Becoming a podiatric physician  (information about the profession, admissions, events from different schools, etc.)
Is podiatry right for me quiz
Learn more from watching these webinars
Check out the websites of schools  you are interested in
For specific questions or additional information: http://www.discoverpodiatricmedicine.org/inquiryform

Acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Medicine

What is Chinese medicine?

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is thousands of years old and has changed little over the centuries. Its basic concept is that a vital force of life, called Qi, surges through the body. Any imbalance to Qi can cause disease and illness. This imbalance is most commonly thought to be caused by an alteration in the opposite and complementary forces that make up the Qi. These are called yin and yang.

Ancient Chinese believed that humans are microcosms of the larger surrounding universe, and are interconnected with nature and subject to its forces. Balance between health and disease is a key concept. TCM treatment seeks to restore this balance through treatment specific to the individual.

It is believed that to regain balance, you must achieve the balance between the internal body organs and the external elements of earth, fire, water, wood, and metal.

Treatment to regain balance may involve:

Acupuncture: Acupuncture is a technique in which practitioners stimulate specific points on the body, usually by inserting thin needles through the skin. Studies suggest that acupuncture stimulates the release of the body’s natural painkillers and affects areas in the brain involved in processing pain; however, some trials suggest that real acupuncture and sham acupuncture are equally effective, indicating a placebo effect. Results from a number of studies, however, suggest real acupuncture may help ease types of pain that are often chronic, such as low-back pain, neck pain, osteoarthritis/knee pain, and carpal tunnel syndrome. It also may help reduce the frequency of tension headaches and prevent migraine headaches. For more information, see NCCIH’s acupuncture fact sheet.

Moxibustion (the burning of herbal leaves on or near the body)

Cupping (the use of warmed glass jars to create suction on certain points of the body)

Massage

Herbal remedies: Chinese Herbal Products

Chinese herbal products have been studied for many medical problems, including stroke, heart disease, mental disorders, and respiratory diseases (such as bronchitis and the common cold), and a national survey showed that about one in five Americans use them. Because many studies have been of poor quality, no firm conclusions can be made about their effectiveness. For more information about specific herbs, see NCCIH’s Herbs at a Glance webpage. You can find additional information on botanical (plant) dietary supplements on the Office of Dietary Supplements website.

Movement and concentration exercises (such as tai chi):

Tai Chi combines certain postures, gentle movements, mental focus, breathing, and relaxation. Research findings suggest that practicing tai chi may improve balance and stability in older people and those with Parkinson’s disease, reduce pain from knee osteoarthritis, help people cope with fibromyalgia and back pain, and promote quality of life and improve mood in people with heart failure. For more information, see NCCIH’s tai chi fact sheet.

Acupuncture is a component of TCM commonly found in Western medicine and has received the most study of all the alternative therapies. Some herbal treatments used in TCM can act as medicines and be very effective but may also have serious side effects. In 2004, for example, the FDA banned the sale of dietary supplements containing ephedra and plants containing ephedra group alkaloids due to complications, such as heart attack and stroke. Ephedra is a Chinese herb used in dietary supplements for weight loss and performance enhancement. However, the ban does not apply to certain herbal products prepared under TCM guidelines intended only for short-term use rather than long-term dosing. It also does not apply to OTC and prescription drugs or to herbal teas.

If you are thinking of using TCM, a certified practitioner is your safest choice. The federally recognized Accreditation Commission for Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine (ACAOM) accredits schools that teach acupuncture and TCM. Many of the states that license acupuncture require graduation from an ACAOM-accredited school. The National Certification Commission for Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine offers separate certification programs in acupuncture, Chinese herbology, and Oriental bodywork.

TCM should not be used as a replacement for conventional or allopathic treatment, especially for serious conditions, but it may be beneficial when used as complementary therapy. Since some TCM herbal medicines can interfere or be toxic when combined with Western medicines, you should inform your doctor if you are using TCM.

Resources:

Natural healers
Sacred Lotus

The public health field works to prevent and mitigate health risks in the general public. This differs from the typical approach to healthcare, which focuses on personally treating sick or injured individuals. Public health combines many different disciplines and supports occupations in diverse scientific, medical, research, and government settings.
Public health jobs especially suit healthcare professionals with passions outside of clinical medicine, such as anthropology, statistics, or epidemiology. This guide offers a one-stop hub for all the public health careers detailed on this site. Read on to discover what you can do with a public health degree.Where can I work in public health?Global public health: Global health organizations work to prevent and detect disease outbreaks and other public health threats across the world.
Federal public health agencies: Federal public health agencies work with state and local public health departments to prevent and detect disease outbreaks and other public health threats across the country.
State and local health departments: State and local public health departments work to detect disease outbreaks and other public health threats in their communities. State and local health departments are in charge of enforcing public health regulations in the United States and will work with federal and global health agencies as needed.
Other government agencies: Other health agencies set public health policy and enforce public health laws and regulations at every level of government.
Colleges and universities: Colleges and universities make important research, education and policymaking contributions in public health.
Health care settings: In addition to caring for patients, doctors’ offices, hospitals and other healthcare settings work with local and state health departments to help keep communities healthy.
Nonprofit agencies: Nonprofits can do everything from providing funding for public health research to offering individual care to patients.
Private companies: Much like nonprofits, private companies wear many hats in the public health world and can do everything from providing funding to research and development.Job Outlook:
In May 2021, the White House announced a $7.4 billion investment aimed at recruiting public health workers and supporting the expansion of state and local public health departments. The funding is poised to create tens of thousands of public health jobs.According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), three public health jobs in particularly high demand include health education specialists (+13% growth projected from 2019-2029), public health nurses (+7%), and biostatisticians (+33%). National data collected by the BLS reveal these occupations offer median annual salaries of $48,140, $75,330, and $93,290, respectively.Many factors influence public health career salary potential, including location, employer, experience, specialization, and education. Learn more about public health career sectors by following the links in the section below.In a field as multidisciplinary as public health, careers and work environments are diverse. Professionals serve in an array of clinical and administrative roles and come from varying educational backgrounds, from high school graduates to PhDs.While demand is growing for all kinds of professionals in public health, most top-paying public health careers, including health services management and safety engineering, require a four-year degree. The highest paid public health workers can earn an average of $88,580 to $93,910, especially in administrative or management contexts.Education:
Because public health brings together people with diverse educational backgrounds, there is no pre-requisite educational degree to work in public health. At the undergraduate level, you do not need to major in public health to apply for a graduate-level degree, such as a Master of Public Health (MPH). At the graduate level, the most common graduate degree is the Master of Public Health. Others include, but are not limited to, a Master of Health Administration, Master of Science, and Master of Health Science.

Job titles and their academic requirements

Entry Level
Occupational Therapy Assistants and Aides
Occupational therapy assistants and aides help patients develop, recover and improve skills needed for daily life. For example, they might help injured workers get back into the workforce or help people with learning disabilities by teaching them skills that allow more independence.
Occupational Health and Safety Technicians
Occupational health and safety technicians collect data on safety and health conditions in the workplace. Technicians may work with occupational health and safety specialists in conducting tests and measuring hazards to help prevent harm to workers, property, the environment and the general public.
Health Educators and Community Health Workers
Health educators teach people about behaviors that promote wellness. They develop and implement strategies to improve the health of individuals and communities. Community health workers collect data and discuss health concerns with members of specific populations.
Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses
Licensed practical nurses (LPNs) and licensed vocational nurses (LVNs) provide basic medical care. Duties vary depending on the work setting and the state of licensure; however, LPNs and LVNs typically monitor patients’ care and comfort level, discuss the type of treatment patients are receiving and maintain patient records. They may also collect samples for testing and perform routine laboratory tests.
Agricultural and Food Science Technicians
Agricultural and food science technicians measure and analyze the quality of agricultural products. They may focus on increasing the productivity of crops or they may inspect food during processing to ensure quality and safety. Agricultural and food science technicians may also monitor regulatory compliance for the Food and Drug Administration or the Department of Agriculture.
EMTs and Paramedics
Emergency medical technicians (EMTs) and paramedics care for the sick or injured in emergency medical settings by responding to emergency calls, performing medical services and transporting patients to medical facilities. People’s lives often depend on their quick reactions and competent care. Typically, paramedics provide more extensive care than EMTs, such as giving patients medication or using complex medical equipment.

Associates Degree
Environmental Science and Protection Technician
Environmental science and protection technicians conduct laboratory and field tests to monitor the environment and investigate sources of pollution. They often work as a member of a team of scientists, engineers and technicians in other fields to solve complex problems related to environmental degradation and public health.

Bachelor’s Degree
Medical and Health Services Managers
Medical and health services managers, plan, direct and coordinate to improve efficiency and quality in delivering healthcare services. Medical and health services managers must be able to adapt to changes in healthcare laws, public health regulations and technology.
Health and Safety Engineers
Health and safety engineers develop procedures and design systems to prevent people from getting sick or injured. They combine knowledge of systems engineering with a health and safety background to make sure that chemicals, machinery, software, furniture and other consumer products will not cause harm to people.
Agricultural Engineer
Agricultural engineers design, test and implement technological advances in the field of agriculture. They work in a variety of areas, including food crops, forestry and aquaculture. Agricultural engineers may work in developing biofuels, improving conservation or finding better ways to process food. They may also provide advice on water quality, issues related to managing pollution and protecting water resources.
Chemists and Materials Scientists
Chemists and materials scientists study the chemical structures of various materials to test the quality of manufactured goods, develop new products or enhance existing ones. They determine ways to strengthen and combine materials, as well as develop new substances for use in a variety of products. They may also conduct product testing to ensure that quality and consumer safety standards are met.
Occupational Health and Safety Specialists
Occupational health and safety specialists analyze many types of occupational environments and procedures. They inspect workplaces for adherence to regulations regarding safety, health and the environment. They may also design programs to prevent disease or injury to workers and damage to the environment.
Microbiologists
Microbiologists study microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, algae, fungi and some types of parasites. They try to understand how these organisms live, grow and interact with their environments. Microbiologists may work with biochemists researching new drugs or they may work in medical laboratories developing ways to prevent, treat and cure diseases.
Environmental Scientists and Specialists
Environmental scientists and specialists use their knowledge of the natural sciences to protect the environment and human wellness. They may investigate potential environmental health risks, clean up polluted areas, advise policy makers or work with industry to reduce waste. Environmental scientists and specialists also implement public education projects.
Social and Community Service Managers
Social and community service managers coordinate and supervise social service programs and community organizations. They may work for organizations that focus on a particular demographic, such as children, the homeless, older adults or veterans. Other social and community service managers may concentrate on helping people with particular challenges, such as mental health needs, chronic hunger or public health issues.
Emergency Management Directors
Emergency management directors prepare plans and procedures for responding to natural disasters and other emergencies. They also may lead the response during and after emergencies, often in coordination with emergency medical services, fire and law enforcement officials, elected officials, nonprofit organizations and government agencies.
Agricultural and Food Scientists
Agricultural and food scientists work to ensure the quality and safety of food. They analyze the nutritional content, discover new food sources and research ways to make processed foods safe and healthy. Other agricultural and food scientists enforce government regulations, inspecting food processing areas to ensure they meet sanitation and waste management standards.

Master’s Degree
Statistician
Statisticians use statistical methods to collect and analyze data for use in problem solving. They design surveys, questionnaires, experiments and polls, and they may design studies to test whether drugs or other methods successfully treat diseases or conditions. Statisticians also work for hospitals or public health agencies to help identify the sources of disease outbreaks.
Occupational Therapists
Occupational therapists treat injured, ill or disabled patients through the therapeutic use of everyday activities. They help develop, recover and improve the skills needed for daily living and working. In some cases, occupational therapists help to create functional work environments. They evaluate the work space, plan work activities, and meet with the patient’s employer to collaborate on changes to the work environment or schedule.
Sociologists
Sociologists study interactions and organization within social, religious, political and economic groups. They examine the effects of social influences on individuals and groups, often in a public health context. Sociological research is frequently used to solve public health issues and formulate public health policy.
Epidemiologists
Epidemiologists are public health professionals that investigate patterns and causes of disease and injury in humans. They seek to reduce the risk and occurrence of negative health outcomes through research, community education and health policy.
Survey Researchers
Survey researchers design surveys and analyze data. Surveys are used to collect data, such as employment and health information or to understand people’s opinions, preferences, beliefs or desires. A survey researcher may, for example, try to accurately capture information on the prevalence of drug use or disease in a community.

Master’s, Doctoral:
Biochemists and Biophysicists
Biochemists and biophysicists study the chemical and physical principles of living things and of biological processes, such as cell development, growth and heredity. In a public health context, biochemists and biophysicists develop tests used to detect diseases, genetic disorders and other illnesses. They also work to develop new drugs and medications, such as those used to treat cancer or prevent epidemics.

Radiologic technologists perform diagnostic imaging examinations on patients. MRI technologists operate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners to create diagnostic images.

When a patient comes into a clinical setting with an injury or is in pain, a radiologic technologist (RT) is responsible for taking x-rays or using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology to create images that give physicians accurate information, so a patient can be treated appropriately. Why is accurate medical imaging important? X-rays and MRI scans can tell a physician whether a patient’s injury is a sprain or a break and whether or not the injury needs a compression bandage for a few days or a plaster cast for multiple weeks to heal properly.

Since patients undergoing x-rays or MRI scans are typically in physical and emotional discomfort, a radiologic or MRI technologist needs to be patient and communicative as well as technically skilled and safety-oriented so as to get the most accurate imaging results quickly without causing harm.Those who enjoy studying science and seeing patients will be glad to know that careers in radiologic MRI technology are growing. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports that radiologic and MRI technologist jobs are expected to grow 7 percent nationally between 2019 and 2029, which is faster than the 4 percent national average for all occupations (BLS 2021). The BLS also estimates that 16,800 new positions will be available nationwide in that same timeframe.

How to Become a Radiologic or MRI Technologist
To become a radiologic or MRI technologist requires a minimum of an associate’s degree, completion of a one-year radiologic or MRI program, and a certification from the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT)—the leading credentialing organization for medical imaging careers. Bachelor’s degrees in radiology and MRI technology are also available and additional requirements may be needed for state licensure.
The median annual wage for magnetic resonance imaging technologists was $74,690 in May 2020.
The median annual wage for radiologic technologists and technicians was $61,900 in May 2020.

A respiratory therapist helps patients who are having trouble breathing. Respiratory therapists work under the direction of doctors and treat a range of patients, from premature infants whose lungs are not fully developed to elderly people with lung disease. They give patients oxygen, manage ventilators, and administer drugs to the lungs.
Respiratory therapists work with doctors and nurses to treat patients of all ages, from infants to the elderly. In a typical day, respiratory therapists may:
• Assist with diagnosing lung or breathing disorders
• Evaluate patients and performing tests and studies
• Determine appropriate therapy and treatment options with physicians
• Analyze blood and sputum in the lab
• Manage equipment and devices needed to help people that can’t breathe normally on their own
• Educate patients and families about lung diseases and breathing disorders

Specializations
There are many different areas that respiratory therapists can specialize in. Some areas require extra certification or experience. Respiratory therapists can specialize in:
• Neonatal or pediatric
• Geriatric
• Pulmonary rehab
• Polysomnography
• Critical care
• Home care
• Pulmonary diagnostics

Work Environment
Respiratory therapists work in hospitals, cardiopulmonary diagnostic labs, cardiopulmonary rehabilitation centers, nursing homes, and home health agencies; however, about 75% of respiratory therapists are employed by hospitals. They typically work 35-40 hour weeks. Depending on where they work, they may work nights, weekends, and holidays, especially if they do direct patient care in hospitals or nursing homes. Shifts can be long, and respiratory therapists typically spend most of their shift on their feet.

Becoming a respiratory therapist

Individuals interested in becoming a respiratory therapist, should be detail oriented and well organized. It’s important to have strong problem solving and interpersonal skills, and the ability to work well under pressure. High school students can prepare for the role by taking advantage of science, math, and health courses.

Education RequirementsRespiratory therapists can choose to get a two-year associate degree or a bachelor’s degree in respiratory therapy; some employers do prefer a bachelor’s degree. Some programs may have entrance requirements that include documented volunteer or work experience in an environment with respiratory care, so it may be beneficial to work or volunteer in a hospital or vent center in high school.

Certification process:
After completing a respiratory therapy degree program, you must take the certification exam to become a certified respiratory therapist or a registered respiratory therapist. Every state (except Alaska) requires that respiratory therapists also obtain a state license. Additional certification is available to work with certain populations, such as pediatrics. Basic Life Support and Advanced Cardiac Life Support certifications are also highly recommended.

Respiratory therapists are required to renew their credentials every five years, which includes continuing education or retesting.

Career Outlook

Respiratory therapists can expect a median annual salary of $62,800.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics expects employment of respiratory therapists to grow much faster than average. Respiratory therapists are in demand to care for the large aging population. Older people are more likely to experience lung and heart conditions that may benefit from respiratory therapy.

Of the many questions students face before entering medical school, the primary one might be: Do I want a Doctor of Medicine (MD) degree or a Doctor of Osteopathy (DO) degree? Both degrees qualify people to practice medicine, but the degrees follow different paths of medical school training. MD’s graduate from allopathic medical schools, while DO’s attend osteopathic medical schools.

Allopathic schools teach traditional, or “Western,” medicine, which treats symptoms and diseases using drugs, radiation, or surgery. Osteopathic schools also teach these treatments, but they add extensive training in hands-on diagnosis and treatment. Osteopathic medicine aims to heal the whole body—rather than a specific part—to fight a disease, and DO’s may prioritize physical therapy or manipulation over the use of medication or invasive procedures. Osteopathic methods are considered holistic—even “alternative.”
The major difference between osteopathic and allopathic doctors is that some osteopathic doctors provide manual medicine therapies, such as spinal manipulation or massage therapy, as part of their treatment. Doctors who receive their DO degree study something called osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT), a method that involves moving muscles and joints to promote healing. When OMT fits within a patient’s treatment plan, it can be used to complement drugs or surgery, adding another dimension to medical care.

About one-quarter of U.S. medical students train at osteopathic medical schools. That number has grown significantly in recent years, with the American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine reporting first year enrollment at osteopathic medical schools rising by more than 40% over the past decade. That spike is, at least, in part due to additional DO-granting medical schools opening. One aspect of that is the osteopathic manipulative treatment, defined by the AOA as a “set of hands-on techniques used by osteopathic physicians … to diagnose, treat, and prevent illness or injury.”
Those skills typically mean that osteopathic medical students spend an additional 200-plus hours training on the musculoskeletal system in the curriculum.

Education Requirements

both osteopathic and allopathic programs weighing grade-point average and Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) scores heavily. The curriculum is largely the same structure, with students in both types of programs typically spending much of their first 12-24 months in the classroom and the majority of their training beyond that in a clinical setting.
Both MDs and DOs have earned bachelor’s degrees and then attend a four-year medical school. While in med school, they both learn the same basic knowledge regarding anatomy, physiology and pharmacology.

DOs spend an additional 200 hours learning about nerves, muscles, bones and how the connection between them will affect their patients’ overall health. When doctors of osteopathic medicine enter into the workforce, they can incorporate that training into their day-to-day patient interactions if they choose.

MD Vs. DO: Exams

The allopathic and osteopathic paths to becoming a doctor begin to split once the students take their licensing exams. Students at allopathic schools take the USMLE series, while osteopathic students often take the COMLEX sequence. Both of these exams are three-step exams and prospective doctors take them between the end of their second year of medical school and their first year of residency.

However, DOs can take the USMLE exam as well as the COMLEX sequence. While it does add considerably to the student’s workload, it is worth it if they are considering a residency program that requires the USMLE.

These two exams might cover similar topics, but they are a bit different in the testing style. In general, allopathic students are better prepared for taking the USMLE examinations and tend to do better than osteopathic students. The mean USMLE Step 1 Score for all matched U.S. allopathic seniors was 233 while the mean USMLE Step 1 Score for all matched US osteopathic seniors was 227.

Ultimately, the student needs to assess their own individual goals and interests when deciding if they should take the USMLE. The USMLE will increase the number of programs the student can apply to and will give them greater access to more specialized programs. However, depending on the residencies the student is interested in, the USMLE might not be necessary for an osteopathic student.

MD Vs. DO: Residency

According to the National Resident Matching Program, allopathic seniors preferred the specialties of radiology, neurological surgery, orthopedic surgery, and plastic surgery. They least preferred to match with a residency in pathology, family medicine, or internal medicine.

On the other hand, osteopathic medical seniors preferred family medicine, pathology, physical medicine and rehabilitation, and psychiatry more than other specialties. They were less likely to apply for a residency in otolaryngology, plastic surgery, radiation oncology, and orthopedic surgery.

In July of 2020, the accreditation councils merged to form a single GME Accreditation system, allowing MD and DO students to apply to any residencies. The purpose of this merger is to create a more consistent method of evaluating residencies. It will affect both current and future DO students, who no longer will have a safe haven of residencies that only DO students can apply to. That means that allopathic students will have more opportunities open to them, perhaps at the expense of weaker DO students.

When choosing between DO and MD, you should consider what you want your future specialty to be, as your chances of matching with your desired program can increase depending on if you go to an allopathic or osteopathic medical school.

Still Not Sure?
If you are uncertain which path to take when it comes to choosing between a DO vs MD, consider these questions:

• Do you prefer to practice traditional or osteopathic medicine?
• Do you believe medicine is largely a matter of diagnosis and treatment?
• Do you think medicine is linked to a mind-body-spirit relationship?
• Are you compassionate and believe in a “healing touch?”
• Are you curious about using manipulative medicine to treat illnesses or injuries?
• Are you fascinated by the musculoskeletal system—the muscles and bones and their connecting tendons and ligaments?

Being an MD or DO does not make you any worse or better of a doctor. Your residency and your action will determine that, not what letters follow your name. It will not affect the job outlook or opportunities. That is ultimately in your hands.

PA or NP?
Nurse practitioners and physician assistants are advanced healthcare practitioners with similar responsibilities, such as diagnosing illnesses and prescribing medications. However, their training and paths toward certification differ in significant ways. There are key differences between NPs and PAs to help you determine which career path best aligns with your goals.

What Is a Nurse Practitioner?
A nurse practitioner (NP) is a licensed clinician who provides comprehensive healthcare to patients of all ages. An NP can work in virtually any healthcare setting, diagnosing patient conditions and prescribing medications. As of January 2021, nurse practitioners have full practice authority in 24 states, meaning that they can practice independently without the supervision of a physician.The key responsibilities of a nurse practitioner include:
• Diagnosing and treating acute and chronic conditions
• Prescribing medications, therapies, and other treatments
• General patient care
• Performing and interpreting diagnostic tests (e.g., x-rays, lab work)
• Educating patients about healthy lifestyle choices and disease prevention
• Counseling patients about their health care plan
• Other specialty-specific responsibilitiesWhat Is a Physician Assistant?
A physician assistant (PA) is a mid-level medical provider who is licensed to provide many of the same clinical services as physicians when working in primary care settings. These services include performing physical exams, diagnosing and treating illnesses, and prescribing medications.The key responsibilities of a physician assistant include:
• Taking medical histories
• Ordering and interpreting lab tests and diagnostic tests
• Performing physical exams
• Diagnosing and treating illness
• Assisting in surgery
• Educating patients about their treatment plan

NP vs. PA: Key Differences
The two most fundamental differences between NPs and PAs are the training they receive and the environments where they work. Nurse practitioners are trained in the advanced practice of nursing, where they focus on a specialized role, such as that of neonatal nurse practitioner. Physician assistants, on the other hand, are educated in general medicine; their training follows the medical model and covers all foundational aspects of medicine and specialties.
PA school focuses more on the pathology and biology of disease, while nursing school emphasizes the patient, including their mental and emotional needs.

The PA tradition draws from a medical model.
NP model draws from the nursing tradition, one that includes a whole person and wellness approach.

Educational Differences
Both nurse practitioners and physician assistants are required to earn a graduate degree, complete a rigorous schedule of clinical training, and acquire certifications. The differences lie in the type of training and certification requirements.

To become a nurse practitioner, you’ll need to complete the following:
1. Earn your Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) degree: A full-time BSN program typically takes four years to complete.
2. Pass the NCLEX-RN: Passing this examination is required to practice as a registered nurse (RN) in your state. Once you pass the exam, you will receive your RN license.
3. Earn a graduate degree: You will need either a Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) or a Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) with a nurse practitioner role specialty, such as Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP). In addition to coursework, NP programs typically include a clinical practicum of at least 500 hours under the supervision of a preceptor.
4. Become a Certified Nurse Practitioner (CNP): You must take a national certification exam through one of the five national certification boards to become licensed as a nurse practitioner.
5. Option to Recertify: For certification renewal, nurse practitioners must take 100 hours of continuing education and 1,000 clinical hours every five years.

To become a physician assistant, you’ll need to complete the following:
1. Earn your master’s degree: You must graduate from an accredited PA program—typically a Master of Science in Physician Assistant Studies. You must also complete at least 2,000 hours of supervised clinical practice in various medical and surgical settings before graduation.
2. Pass the Physician Assistant National Certifying Examination (PANCE): Once you pass the PANCE exam, administered by the National Commission on Certification of Physician Assistants (NCCPA), you can receive your state license.
3. Maintain national certification: PAs must complete 100 hours of continuing medical education (CME) every two years. They are required to take a recertification exam every 6 to 10 years.

Work Environment Differences
Nurse practitioners and physician assistants work in primary, acute, and specialty care across a wide range of healthcare settings, including medical offices, hospitals, nursing homes, VA facilities, correctional institutions, and community clinics.
Although PAs can serve as primary care providers, they are required to work under the direct supervision of a physician or surgeon. NPs must work under the supervision of a physician in 11 states. However, in 24 states and U.S. territories, nurse practitioners can operate their own practice with full autonomy. (The remaining 16 states and U.S. territories have regulations that are somewhere in between.)
NPs practice in a wide variety of settings, including hospitals, doctors’ offices, and clinics, as well as camps, schools, and companies. NPs also have the ability to practice independently, diagnose and treat illnesses, as well as prescribe medication (without physician oversight), in most states.
PAs, on the other hand, usually work in doctors’ offices and hospitals. Although they do have a lot of autonomy in their role, PAs cannot practice independently. They can diagnose illnesses and injuries, prescribe medication, perform procedures, and design treatment plans under doctor supervision.

Specialization Differences
There are also legal distinctions between nurse practitioners and physician assistants. NPs can work across various nursing specialties, earning certifications for the specialties that require it. If an NP desires to switch specialty certifications, such as from neonatal to family nurse practitioner, they need formal education and licensure for that new role. As for PAs, once licensed, they can switch specialties without the need for a new certification or additional job training.

PA vs NP Salary
As of 2020, the median salary of a nurse practitioner is $117,670, while the median salary of a physician assistant is $115,390. Based on this, the nurse practitioner salary is slightly higher than the physician assistant salary, but not by much.

Resources for Nurse Practitioners
The following organizations give nurse practitioners access to professional development opportunities, events, and other benefits:
• American Association of Nurse Practitioners (AANP)
• National League for Nursing (NLN)
• American Nurses Association (ANA)
Resources for Physician Assistants
Should you pursue a career as a physician assistant, these organizations will give you a chance to participate in seminars, networking events, and professional development opportunities:
• National Commission on Certification of Physician Assistants (NCCPA)
• The Physician Assistant Foundation
• American Academy of PA (AAPA)